As if we needed any more proof that the Old Law regulated religious life down to the most minute detail, we have Leviticus 3. In describing the various portions for the peace offerings, the Text gives us three different options.
First, you can give from the “herd”; if that’s what you decide, then Leviticus 3:1-5 is where you look for guidance. If you offer from the “flock,” then look to Leviticus 3:6-11, and if you can only offer a goat, read Leviticus 3:12-17.
What’s the difference between the three? If you’re like me and didn’t grow up on a farm, you may have thought that all three were roughly the same thing. A goat could technically be part of a herd, and flocks and herds—at least in my mind—are likely interchangeable.
That’s not entirely accurate, though. Although there are moments in Scripture where the terms are used for each other, mentioning them individually in this chapter highlights the differences. A “herd” usually encompassed large, working animals like cattle, whereas a “flock” included grazing animals like sheep. A goat is…well, a goat.
Why make the distinction between the three groups? Most likely, this boils down to the individual’s economic situation.
Since peace offerings were designed to help you enjoy peace with God (rather than create peace, like a burnt offering would), they were completely voluntary. Like other sacrifices, a person would only give what they could afford. Cattle were by far the most expensive of the group, whereas goats were much more common.
Outside of the animals themselves, there’s virtually no distinction between the three types of animals used for sacrifices. The only difference is that with the flock, you offered the fat tail, which was regarded as the most delicious part of the lamb. Offering it showed your devotion to God.
Some have seen a metaphorical difference between these groupings as well. The church is depicted as a flock (Acts 20:28) and follow a Shepherd, while herd animals tended to follow each other.
I’m not sure if that’s really the point in this passage (although it’s a fine application to make). The point seems to be that anyone can and should offer voluntary sacrifices to God whenever they want to, regardless of class. From the rich to the poor, all can enjoy peace with our God.
